concepts/spz.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id spz
+ name SPZ
+ appeared 2024
+ tags binaryDataFormat 3d
+ website https://scaniverse.com/spz
+ description File format for 3D Gaussian splats. About 10x smaller than the PLY equivalent with virtually no perceptible loss in visual quality. SPZ splats are about 90% smaller than PLYs, roughly 25 MB versus 250 MB for a fairly rich scene.
+ lab Ninantic
+
+ related ply gzip
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/nianticlabs/spz
concepts/gzip.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler
concepts/aframe.scroll
Changed around line 10: blog https://aframe.io/blog
+ writtenIn javascript markdown html json yaml svg css
concepts/open-shading-language.scroll
Changed around line 15: repoStats
- mb 226
+ mb 223
+ linesOfCode 670877
concepts/rust.scroll
Changed around line 176: hasStaticTyping true
-
- [1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/tuple.html
Changed around line 408: semanticScholar 36
+
+ [1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/tuple.html
concepts/violent-es.scroll
Changed around line 17: repoStats
+ linesOfCode 24418
concepts/aframe.scroll
Changed around line 13: description A-Frame is an open-source web framework for building virtual reality
+ repoStats
+ firstCommit 2015
+ newestCommit 2025
+ commits 7631
+ mb 898
+ committers 489
+ files 674
+ linesOfCode 240686
creators/creators.scroll
Changed around line 13: died 2013
+ name Walter Fontana
+ homepage https://www.walterfontana.zone/
+
concepts/kappa.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id kappa
+ name Kappa
+ appeared 2017
+ creators Walter Fontana
+ tags pl biology
+ website https://kappalanguage.org
+ description A rule-based language for modeling interaction networks. While its current development is primarily motivated by molecular systems biology, its range of applications is quite broad.
+
+ isOpenSource true
+ country United States
creators/creators.scroll
Changed around line 18: homepage https://www.gingerbill.org
+ name Diego Marcos
+ gits https://github.com/dmarcos
+ twitter https://x.com/dmarcos
+
+ name Don McCurdy
+ homepage https://www.donmccurdy.com
+ gits https://github.com/donmccurdy
+
+ name Kevin Ngo
+ gits https://github.com/ngokevin
+ twitter https://twitter.com/kevopuff
+
concepts/gren.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id gren
+ name Gren
+ appeared 2012
+ creators evancz
+ tags pl
+ website https://gren-lang.org/
+ latestVersion 0.3.0
+ description A programming language for simple and correct applications
+ lab https://github.com/gren-lang
+ fileExtensions gren
+ writtenIn haskell markdown yaml
+
+ repoStats
+ firstCommit 2012
+ commits 6733
+ committers 138
+ files 173
+ newestCommit 2025
+ mb 13
+ linesOfCode 47157
+ country Unknown
+
+ example
+ module Main exposing (main)
+
+ import Html exposing (Html)
+
+ main : Html a
+ main =
+ Html.text "Hello, world!"
+
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/gren-lang/compiler
+ firstCommit 2012
+ stars 334
+ forks 20
+ subscribers 13
+ created 2021
+ updated 2024
+ issues 66
+ description Compiler for the Gren programming language
concepts/aframe.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id aframe
+ name A-Frame
+ appeared 2015
+ creators Diego Marcos and Don McCurdy and Kevin Ngo
+ tags framework 3d library
+ website https://aframe.io
+ blog https://aframe.io/blog
+ latestVersion 1.7.0
+ lab Mozilla
+ description A-Frame is an open-source web framework for building virtual reality (VR) experiences. It is built on top of HTML, making it simple to create 3D scenes and VR applications that run in a web browser. A-Frame is based on the Entity-Component-System (ECS) pattern and integrates with WebVR/WebXR for immersive experiences.
+
+ isOpenSource true
+ docs https://aframe.io/docs/
+ country United States
+
+ example
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/aframevr/aframe
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Frame_(software)
concepts/gltf.scroll
Changed around line 11: standsFor Graphics Library Transmission Format
+ leetSheets https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KhronosGroup/glTF/refs/heads/main/specification/2.0/figures/gltfOverview-2.0.0d.png
concepts/gren.scroll
Changed around line 0
- ../code/conceptPage.scroll
-
- id gren
- name Gren
- appeared 2012
- creators evancz
- tags pl
- website https://gren-lang.org/
- latestVersion 0.3.0
- description A programming language for simple and correct applications
- lab https://github.com/gren-lang
- fileExtensions gren
- writtenIn haskell markdown yaml
-
- repoStats
- firstCommit 2012
- commits 6733
- committers 138
- files 173
- newestCommit 2025
- mb 13
- linesOfCode 47157
- country Unknown
-
- example
- module Main exposing (main)
-
- import Html exposing (Html)
-
- main : Html a
- main =
- Html.text "Hello, world!"
-
-
- githubRepo https://github.com/gren-lang/compiler
- firstCommit 2012
- stars 334
- forks 20
- subscribers 13
- created 2021
- updated 2024
- issues 66
- description Compiler for the Gren programming language
concepts/mmcif.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id mmcif
+ name mmCIF
+ appeared 1996
+ tags textDataFormat chemistry biology
+ website http://mmcif.wwpdb.org
+ description mmCIF (Macromolecular Crystallographic Information File) is a text-based data format developed by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) for representing crystallographic information, particularly for macromolecular structures like proteins and nucleic acids. It extends the CIF (Crystallographic Information File) format with a richer dictionary for structural biology data. mmCIF is widely used in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) for storing and exchanging 3D structural data.
+ fileExtensions cif mmcif
+
+ isOpenSource true
+ fileType text
+
+ example
+ data_1BNA
+ _entry.id 1BNA
+ _struct.title
+ ;NMR Structure of a DNA Dodecamer
+ ;
+ _entity_poly.type polydeoxyribonucleotide
+ _entity_poly.seq
+ ;CGCGAATTCGCG
+ ;
+ _atom_site.group_PDB
+ ATOM
+ _atom_site.id
+ 1
+ _atom_site.type_symbol
+ C
+ _atom_site.label_atom_id
+ C1'
+ _atom_site.label_comp_id
+ DG
+ _atom_site.label_seq_id
+ 1
+ _atom_site.Cartn_x
+ -2.123
+ _atom_site.Cartn_y
+ 3.456
+ _atom_site.Cartn_z
+ 7.890
+ #
+
+ hasSemanticIndentation false
+ hasLineComments true
+ # This is a comment in mmCIF
+ hasMultiLineComments false
+ hasBooleans false
+ hasStrings true
+ "NMR Structure of a DNA Dodecamer"
+ hasStandardLibrary false
+ hasStructs true
+ _struct.title
+ hasMaps true
+ _entry.id 1BNA
+ hasLists false
+ hasIntegers true
+ _atom_site.id 1
+ hasFloats true
+ _atom_site.Cartn_x -2.123
+ hasConditionals false
+ hasFunctions false
+ hasImports false
+ hasExpressions false
+ hasStatements false
+ hasOperators false
+ hasUnicodeIdentifiers false
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecular_Crystallographic_Information_File
concepts/freecad.scroll
Changed around line 9: website https://www.freecad.org
+ irc irc://irc.libera.chat/freecad
+ mastodon https://fosstodon.org/@FreeCAD
+ discord https://discord.gg/w2cTKGzccC
+ twitter https://twitter.com/FreeCADNews
+ facebook https://www.facebook.com/FreeCAD
concepts/ply.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id ply
+ name PLY
+ appeared 1994
+ creators Greg Turk
+ tags textDataFormat 3d
+ website http://paulbourke.net/dataformats/ply/
+ standsFor Polygon File Format
+ description PLY is a computer file format known as the Polygon File Format or the Stanford Triangle Format. It was principally designed to store three-dimensional data from 3D scanners. The data storage format supports a relatively simple description of a single object as a list of nominally flat polygons, with attributes such as color, texture coordinates, and normals.
+ lab Stanford University
+ fileExtensions ply
+
+ isOpenSource true
+ fileType text
+ country United States
+
+ example
+ ply
+ format ascii 1.0
+ comment Mars model by Paul Bourke
+ element vertex 259200
+ property float x
+ property float y
+ property float z
+ element face 516960
+ property list uchar int vertex_indices
+ end_header
+ 15081.5 -3.45644e+06 65.8061
+ 15081 -3.45659e+06 197.422
+ 15078.2 -3.45648e+06 329.009
+ 15075.4 -3.45663e+06 460.597
+ 15071.2 -3.4567e+06 592.148
+ 15065.6 -3.45674e+06 723.653
+ 15059.9 -3.457e+06 855.16
+ 15050.7 -3.45674e+06 986.473
+
+ lots of vertices follow
+
+ 14541.2 3.33642e+06 -698.464
+ 14547.7 3.33663e+06 -571.58
+ 14551.5 3.33649e+06 -444.589
+ 14552.7 3.336e+06 -317.541
+ 14556.9 3.33645e+06 -190.56
+ 14558.7 3.33661e+06 -63.5247
+ 3 0 721 1
+ 3 721 0 720
+ 3 1 722 2
+ 3 722 1 721
+ 3 2 723 3
+ 3 723 2 722
+
+ lots of triangular facets follow
+
+
+ hasSemanticIndentation false
+ hasMultiLineComments false
+ hasBooleans false
+ hasIntegers true
+ hasFloats true
+ hasStrings true
+ hasLists true
+ hasStandardLibrary false
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLY_(file_format)
concepts/openscad.scroll
Changed around line 9: website http://www.openscad.org
+ writtenIn cpp svg bourne-shell json xml qt cmake markdown python yaml diff c javascript html css objective-cpp glsl yacc lex make nix bash dockerfile
concepts/plasma.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl functional
+ writtenIn pascal expect mercury cpp bourne-shell markdown make lua css yaml dockerfile
+ repoStats
+ firstCommit 2015
+ newestCommit 2025
+ commits 3188
+ mb 6
+ committers 12
+ files 764
+ linesOfCode 62949
concepts/plasma.scroll
Changed around line 1
- name plasma
+ name Plasma
- tags pl
- website http://plasmalang.org/
- description Plasma, which aims to strike a balance between functional and imperative programming, include state-of-the-art concurrent programming features and feature automatic parallelisation. Boney previously worked on Mercury a logic language.
- lab https://github.com/PlasmaLang
+ creators Paul Bone
+ tags pl functional
+ website http://plasmalang.org
+ roadmap https://plasmalang.org/roadmap.html
+ description Plasma, which aims to strike a balance between functional and imperative programming, include state-of-the-art concurrent programming features and feature automatic parallelisation. Boney previously worked on Mercury a logic language.
+ docs https://plasmalang.org/docs/
+ faq https://plasmalang.org/faq.html
+ example
+ func fib(n : Int) -> Int {
+ if (n < 2) {
+ return 1
+ } else {
+ return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+ }
+ }
+ githubRepo https://github.com/PlasmaLang/plasma
+
concepts/bywater-basic.scroll
Changed around line 10: country Canada
- related basic metacomco abc-80 alphabasic altair-basic amigabasic blitzbasic stos-basic apple-basic applesoft-basic commodore-basic asic-programming-language basic-programming atari-basic atari-microsoft-basic atmel-avr acorn-atom autoit b32-business-basic unix linux seed7 gw-basic mbasic basic-ap optimized-systems-software ibm-basica basic4gl basic-11 basic-256 basic-e hp-basic-for-openvms basic-plus rocky-mountain-basic basic09 basicode visual-basic batari-basic bbc-basic c business-basic bcx beta-basic sinclair-basic blitz3d blitzplus opengl reverse-polish-notation tiny-basic bywater-basic ca-realizer casio-basic cbasic chinese-basic chipmunk-basic color-basic trs-80-color-computer microsoft-basic creative-basic darkbasic dartmouth-basic data-general-business-basic freebasic quickbasic futurebasic galaksija-basic gambas gfa-basic glbasic graphics-basic pic-microcontroller high-tech-basic hp-time-shared-basic winwrap-basic music-sp integer-basic liberty-basic locomotive-basic lotusscript ios macbasic mai-basic-four mallard-basic mapbasic microsoft-macro-assembler microsoft-small-basic monkey morfik msx-basic processor-technology northstar-basic x86-isa ns-basic opl owbasic parrot-basic parrot-vm pbasic basic-stamp phoenix-object-basic pick-operating-system powerbasic providex purebasic qb64 qbasic rapidq solaris sparc android xojo run-basic sam-coupe sbasic scriptbasic sdlbasic wxbasic simons-basic smallbasic southampton-basic-system ibm-rational-sqabasic staroffice-basic superbasic arduino theos-multi-user-basic thinbasic ti-basic tiger-basic true-basic turbo-basic turbo-basic-xl tymshare-superbasic ubasic universe vbscript asp batch vilnius-basic haskell visual-basic.net vba visual-test watcom xblite yabasic zbasic algol comal euphoria
+ related basic metacomco abc-80 alphabasic altair-basic amigabasic blitzbasic stos-basic apple-basic applesoft-basic commodore-basic asic-programming-language basic-programming atari-basic atari-microsoft-basic atmel-avr acorn-atom autoit b32-business-basic unix linux seed7 gw-basic mbasic basic-ap optimized-systems-software ibm-basica basic4gl basic-11 basic-256 basic-e hp-basic-for-openvms basic-plus rocky-mountain-basic basic09 basicode visual-basic batari-basic bbc-basic c business-basic bcx beta-basic sinclair-basic blitz3d blitzplus opengl reverse-polish-notation tiny-basic bywater-basic ca-realizer casio-basic cbasic chinese-basic chipmunk-basic color-basic trs-80-color-computer microsoft-basic creative-basic darkbasic dartmouth-basic data-general-business-basic freebasic quickbasic futurebasic galaksija-basic gambas gfa-basic glbasic graphics-basic pic-microcontroller high-tech-basic hp-time-shared-basic winwrap-basic music-sp integer-basic liberty-basic locomotive-basic lotusscript ios macbasic mai-basic-four mallard-basic mapbasic microsoft-macro-assembler microsoft-small-basic monkey morfik msx-basic northstar-basic x86-isa ns-basic opl owbasic parrot-basic parrot-vm pbasic basic-stamp phoenix-object-basic pick-operating-system powerbasic providex purebasic qb64 qbasic rapidq solaris sparc android xojo run-basic sam-coupe sbasic scriptbasic sdlbasic wxbasic simons-basic smallbasic southampton-basic-system ibm-rational-sqabasic staroffice-basic superbasic arduino theos-multi-user-basic thinbasic ti-basic tiger-basic true-basic turbo-basic turbo-basic-xl tymshare-superbasic ubasic universe vbscript asp batch vilnius-basic haskell visual-basic.net vba visual-test watcom xblite yabasic zbasic algol comal euphoria
concepts/li-chen-wang.scroll
Changed around line 9: lab Homebrew Computer Club
- related tiny-basic processor-technology
+ related tiny-basic
concepts/processor-technology.scroll
Changed around line 0
- ../code/conceptPage.scroll
-
- id processor-technology
- name Processor Technology
- appeared 1975
- tags co
- lab Processor Technology Corporation
-
- country United States
-
- wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_Technology
- related isbn
- summary Processor Technology Corporation was a personal computer company founded in April 1975 by Gary Ingram and Bob Marsh in Berkeley, California. Their first product was a 4K byte RAM board that was compatible with the MITS Altair 8800 computer but more reliable than the MITS board. This was followed by a series of memory and I/O boards including a video display module.Popular Electronics magazine wanted a feature article on an intelligent computer terminal and Technical Editor Les Solomon asked Marsh and Lee Felsenstein to design one. It was featured on the July 1976 cover and became the Sol-20 Personal Computer. The first units were shipped in December 1976 and the Sol-20 was a very successful product. The company failed to develop next generation products and ceased operations in May 1979.
- created 2006
- backlinksCount 49
- pageId 4269036
- revisionCount 117
- dailyPageViews 20
- appeared 1975
concepts/wavefront-object.scroll
Changed around line 1
- name Wavefront Object
+ name Wavefront OBJ format
- tags application 3d
+ tags textDataFormat 3d
+ aka OBJ
+ description The Wavefront OBJ format is a format for defining the 3D geometry for the surface of one or more objects. The format was first used by Wavefront Technologies around 1990 and a specification was published to encourage interoperability. The introduction to the specification stated, "Object files define the geometry and other properties for objects in Wavefront’s Advanced Visualizer. Object files can also be used to transfer geometric data back and forth between the Advanced Visualizer and other applications." Since the mid 1990s, the ASCII-based format has been treated as a vendor-neutral format, referred to as 'Wavefront OBJ," "Alias/Wavefront OBJ," or simply "OBJ." In 2020, the format remains widely used, particularly for 3D printing of objects in multiple colors.
+ reference https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000507.shtml
concepts/sat.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id sat
+ name SAT
+ appeared 1985
+ creators Spatial Technology
+ tags 3d cad textDataFormat
+ aka Standard ACIS Text
+ description SAT is a text-based file format for representing 3D geometric models using boundary representation (B-Rep). It is part of the ACIS modeling kernel, widely used in CAD software for precise solid and surface modeling.
+ lab Spatial Technology
+ fileExtensions sat
+
+ isOpenSource false
+ fileType text
+ docs https://paulbourke.net/dataformats/sat/sat.pdf
+ country United States
+ reference https://www.spatial.com/products/3d-acis-modeling
+ reference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACIS
+
+ example
+ 400 0 1 0
+ 11 Scheme AIDE 11 ACIS 4.0 NT 24 Mon Apr 12 13:59:03 1998
+ 25.4 1e-06 1e-10
+ -0 body $1 $2 $-1 $3 #
+ -1 display_attribute-st-attrib $-1 $4 $-1 $0 1 #
+ -2 lump $-1 $-1 $5 $0 #
+ -3 transform $-1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 1 0 0 10 0 1 rotate no_reflect
+ no_shear #
+ -4 rgb_color-st-attrib $-1 $6 $1 $0010#
+ -5 shell $-1 $-1 $-1 $7 $-1 $2 #
+ -6 id_attribute-st-attrib $-1 $-1 $4 $0 1 #
+ -7 face $-1 $8 $9 $5 $-1 $10 forward single #
+ -8 face $-1 $11 $12 $5 $-1 $13 forward single #
+ -9 loop $-1 $14 $15 $7 #
+ -10 cone-surface $-1 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 I I 0 1 forwardIIII#
+ -11 face $-1 $-1 $16 $5 $-1 $17 forward single #
+ -12 loop $-1 $-1 $18 $8 #
+ -13 plane-surface $-1 0 0 -10 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 forward_vIIII#
+ -14 loop $-1 $-1 $19 $7 #
+ -15 coedge $-1 $15 $15 $18 $20 1 $9 $-1 #
+ -16 loop $-1 $-1 $21 $11 #
+ -17 plane-surface $-1 0 0 10 0 0 1 1 0 0 forward_vIIII#
+ -18 coedge $-1 $18 $18 $15 $20 0 $12 $-1 #
+ -19 coedge $-1 $19 $19 $21 $22 1 $14 $-1 #
+ -20 edge $-1 $23 $23 $18 $24 forward #
+ -21 coedge $-1 $21 $21 $19 $22 0 $16 $-1 #
+ -22 edge $-1 $25 $25 $21 $26 forward #
+ -23 vertex $-1 $20 $27 #
+ -24 ellipse-curve $-1 0 0 -10 0 0 -1 10001II#
+ -25 vertex $-1 $22 $28 #
+ -26 ellipse-curve $-1 0 0 10 0 0 1 10 0 0 1 I I #
+ -27 point $-1 10 0 -10 #
+ -28 point $-1 10 0 10 #
+ End-of-ACIS-data
+
+ hasSemanticIndentation false
+ hasLineComments false
+ hasMultiLineComments false
+ hasBooleans false
+ hasStrings false
+ hasIntegers true
+ hasFloats true
+ hasStandardLibrary false
+ isCaseSensitive true
+ hasCaseInsensitiveIdentifiers false
concepts/parasolid.scroll
Changed around line 1
- name Parasolid
- appeared 2000
- tags application
- lab Siemens
- fileExtensions x_t x_b
+ name Parasolid XT Format
+ appeared 1988
+ tags 3d textDataFormat
+ description The Parasolid XT Format is a file format used by the Parasolid geometric modeling kernel to represent wireframe, surface, solid, cellular, and non-manifold models in external files. It stores topological and geometric information defining model shapes, with a published format for accessibility by applications without requiring the Parasolid kernel. The format is primarily used for translating geometric data between systems.
+ fileExtensions x_t x_b xt
+ docs https://www.13thmonkey.org/documentation/CAD/Parasolid-XT-format-reference.pdf
concepts/brep.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id brep
+ name BRep Format
+ appeared 1999
+ tags 3d textDataFormat cad
+ spec http://www.cppblog.com/images/cppblog_com/eryar/Windows-Live-Writer/OpenCascade-BRep-_13240/brep_wp.pdf
+ standsFor Boundary Representation Format
+ description BREP format is used to store 3D models and allows to store a model which consists of vertices, edges, wires, faces, shells, solids, compsolids, compounds, edge triangulations, face triangulations, polylines on triangulations, space location and orientation. Any set of such models may be stored as a single model which is a compound of the models.
+
+ docs https://dev.opencascade.org/doc/occt-6.7.0/overview/html/occt_brep_format.html
+
+ example
+ Locations 3
+ 1
+ 0 0 1 0
+ 1 0 0 0
+ 0 1 0 0
+ 1
+ 1 0 0 4
+ 0 1 0 5
+ 0 0 1 6
+ 2 1 1 2 1 0
concepts/iges.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id iges
+ name IGES
+ appeared 1980
+ creators Roger N. Nagel and Walt W. Braithwaite and Philip R. Kennicott
+ tags 3d textDataFormat cad
+ paper https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/IR/nbsir80-1978.pdf
+ description IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) is a vendor-neutral file format for exchanging 3D CAD models and associated data between different CAD systems. It supports geometry, topology, and annotations for engineering designs.
+
+ fileType text
+ country United States
+
+ example
+ ,,,1H,,1H;,11Hpart.igs,16HIGES Generator X,32,38,6,308,15,9Hpart.igs,1.,2,2HMM,1,0.001,23/10/2024,0.001,1000.,8HNobody,9HUnknown,0,0; G0000001
+ 1H,,1H;,11Hpart.igs,16HIGES Generator X,32,38,6,308,15,9Hpart.igs,1.,2,2HMM,1,0.001,23/10/2024,0.001,1000.,8HNobody,9HUnknown,0,0; G0000002
+ 110 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 D0000001
+ 110 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 D0000002
+ 110,0.,0.,0.,100.,0.,0.; P0000001
+
+ hasStrings true
+ hasIntegers true
+ hasFloats true
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGES
concepts/vrml.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl 3d
+ tags 3d pl
concepts/x3d.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id x3d
+ name X3D
+ appeared 1997
+ tags 3d xmlFormat
+ website https://www.web3d.org/x3d/what-x3d
+ webRepl https://andreasplesch.github.io/Library/Viewer/index.html?url=https://www.web3d.org/x3d/content/examples/Basic/CAD/CatiaHubCap.x3d
+ description X3D is an ISO/IEC standard for declaratively representing 3D computer graphics. It is a file format and runtime architecture for representing and communicating 3D scenes and objects using XML, succeeding VRML. X3D is designed for real-time interactive 3D visualization across various platforms, including web browsers, and is used in fields like CAD, simulation, medical visualization, and gaming.
+ fileExtensions x3d x3dv x3db
+
+ isOpenSource true
+ related vrml
+ iso https://www.iso.org/standard/60760.html
+ fileType text
+
+ example
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ hasStrings true
+ "Hello World Example"
+ hasComments true
+
+ hasSemanticIndentation false
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X3D
concepts/step.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id step
+ name STEP
+ appeared 1994
+ tags standard dataNotation 3d
+ website https://www.iso.org/standard/63141.html
+ description ISO 10303-21, also known as STEP-File or STEP Physical File, is a file format standard for the exchange of product model data as part of the ISO 10303 (STEP) standard. It defines a clear text encoding for the EXPRESS data modeling language, enabling the representation and exchange of product data across different CAD, CAM, and CAE systems.
+ fileExtensions stp step p21
+
+ iso https://www.iso.org/standard/63141.html
+ fileType text
+
+ example
+ ISO-10303-21;
+ HEADER;
+ FILE_DESCRIPTION(
+ /* description */ ('A minimal AP214 example with a single part'),
+ /* implementation_level */ '2;1');
+ FILE_NAME(
+ /* name */ 'demo',
+ /* time_stamp */ '2003-12-27T11:57:53',
+ /* author */ ('Lothar Klein'),
+ /* organization */ ('LKSoft'),
+ /* preprocessor_version */ ' ',
+ /* originating_system */ 'IDA-STEP',
+ /* authorization */ ' ');
+ FILE_SCHEMA (('AUTOMOTIVE_DESIGN { 1 0 10303 214 2 1 1}'));
+ ENDSEC;
+ DATA;
+ #10=ORGANIZATION('O0001','LKSoft','company');
+ #11=PRODUCT_DEFINITION_CONTEXT('part definition',#12,'manufacturing');
+ #12=APPLICATION_CONTEXT('mechanical design');
+ #13=APPLICATION_PROTOCOL_DEFINITION('','automotive_design',2003,#12);
+ #14=PRODUCT_DEFINITION('0',$,#15,#11);
+ #15=PRODUCT_DEFINITION_FORMATION('1',$,#16);
+ #16=PRODUCT('A0001','Test Part 1','',(#18));
+ #17=PRODUCT_RELATED_PRODUCT_CATEGORY('part',$,(#16));
+ #18=PRODUCT_CONTEXT('',#12,'');
+ #19=APPLIED_ORGANIZATION_ASSIGNMENT(#10,#20,(#16));
+ #20=ORGANIZATION_ROLE('id owner');
+ ENDSEC;
+ END-ISO-10303-21;
+
+ hasStrings true
+ "Part1"
+ hasComments true
+ /* This is a comment in a STEP file */
+ hasStandardLibrary false
+ hasSemanticIndentation false
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10303-21
concepts/csg.scroll
Changed around line 1
- name CSG
+ name CSG Format
+ standsFor Constructive Solid Geometry
concepts/csg.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id csg
+ name CSG
+ appeared 2008
+ creators Marius Kintel and Clifford Wolf
+ tags 3d textDataFormat
+ spec https://github.com/openscad/openscad/wiki/CSG-File-Format
+ description The CSG file format is a text-based format used by OpenSCAD to represent constructive solid geometry (CSG) operations for 3D modeling. It defines a tree of geometric primitives and operations (union, difference, intersection) to create complex 3D models. CSG files are typically used as an intermediate representation in OpenSCAD for rendering and exporting 3D designs.
+ fileExtensions csg
+
+ isOpenSource true
+ related openscad
+ docs https://github.com/openscad/openscad/wiki/CSG-File-Format
+ country Norway
+
+ example
+ cylinder(h=3.0, r=0.5, center=true);
concepts/openscad.scroll
Changed around line 3
- creators Marius Kintel and Claire Wolf
+ creators Marius Kintel and Clifford Wolf
concepts/amf.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id amf
+ name AMF
+ appeared 2011
+ tags 3d xmlFormat
+ spec https://www.iso.org/standard/67472.html
+ description AMF (Additive Manufacturing File Format) is an open standard for describing objects for additive manufacturing processes such as 3D printing. It is an XML-based format designed to allow any computer-aided design software to describe the shape and composition of any 3D object to be fabricated on any 3D printer. AMF supports features like geometry, color, material, and lattice structures, aiming to be more comprehensive than earlier formats like STL.
+ fileExtensions amf
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_manufacturing_file_format
concepts/3mf.scroll
Changed around line 7: tags xmlFormat cad 3d
+ fileExtensions 3mf
concepts/mdd.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id mdd
+ name MDD
+ appeared 1998
+ tags 3d binaryDataFormat
+ standsFor Motion Designer Document
+ aka Lightwave Point Cache
+ lab LightWave
+ description MDD (Motion Designer Data) is a file format used primarily for storing vertex animation data in 3D modeling and animation software, such as LightWave and Maya. It captures point cloud or mesh vertex positions over time, enabling precise animation playback without requiring skeletal rigging.
+ fileExtensions mdd
+
+ fileType binary
+ reference https://rodolphe-vaillant.fr/entry/134/mdd-file-exporter-importer-source-code-c-c
concepts/dxf.scroll
Changed around line 1
- name AutoCAD DXF
+ name DXF
- tags application cad
+ tags 3d cad
+ standsFor Drawing Exchange Format
+ description DXF (Drawing Exchange Format) is a CAD data file format developed by Autodesk for enabling data interoperability between AutoCAD and other programs. It is used to represent 2D and 3D drawings, including geometric and non-geometric data, in a structured text or binary format.
+ fileExtensions dxf
- fileType text
concepts/alembic.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id alembic
+ name Alembic
+ appeared 2011
+ tags 3d
+ website https://www.alembic.io
+ description Alembic is an open computer graphics interchange framework. It distills complex, animated scenes into a non-procedural, application-independent set of baked geometric results, providing efficient storage and transfer of 3D data.
+ lab Sony Pictures Imageworks && Industrial Light & Magic && Lucasfilm
+ fileExtensions abc
+
+ docs http://docs.alembic.io
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/alembic/alembic
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembic_(computer_graphics)
concepts/patchwork.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 1996
- lab Lucasfilm Computer Graphics Group
+ lab Lucasfilm
concepts/linkml.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id linkml
+ name LinkML
+ appeared 2021
+ creators Chris Mungall and Harold Solbrig
+ tags schema dataValidationLanguage yamlFormat
+ website https://linkml.io
+ description LinkML is a general purpose modeling language that can be used with linked data, JSON, and other formalisms.
+ paper https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/13996/linkml/linkml
+
+ example
+ classes:
+ Person:
+ is_a: NamedThing ## parent class, defines id, name, ...
+ description: >-
+ A person (alive, dead, undead, or fictional).
+ class_uri: schema:Person
+ mixins:
+ - HasAliases
+ slots:
+ - primary_email
+ - birth_date
+ - age_in_years
+ - gender
+ - current_address
+ - has_employment_history
+ - has_familial_relationships
+ - has_medical_history
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/linkml/linkml
concepts/sequel-2.scroll
Changed around line 3
- creators creators Donald D. Chamberlin and M. M. Astrahan and K. P. Eswaran and P. P. Griffiths and Raymond Lorie and J. W. Mehl and P. Reisner and B. W. Wade
+ creators Donald D. Chamberlin and M. M. Astrahan and K. P. Eswaran and P. P. Griffiths and Raymond Lorie and J. W. Mehl and P. Reisner and B. W. Wade
concepts/sequel-2.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ creators creators Donald D. Chamberlin and M. M. Astrahan and K. P. Eswaran and P. P. Griffiths and Raymond Lorie and J. W. Mehl and P. Reisner and B. W. Wade
+ tags queryLanguage database
+ paper https://doi.org/10.1147/rd.206.0560
+ description Sequel 2 is a relational data language that provides a consistent, English keyword-oriented set of facilities for query, data definition, data manipulation, and data control. Sequel 2 may be used either as a stand-alone interface for nonspecialists in data processing or as a data sublanguage embedded in a host programming language for use by application programmers and data base administrators.
+ influencedBy relational-model sql
concepts/relationlog.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ creators Mengchi Liu
+ tags queryLanguage database
+ paper https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.378
+ description The Relationlog system is a novel persistent deductive database system for advanced data and knowledge-based applications. It directly supports the storage and inference of data with complex structures, especially data supported in nested relational and complex-object models. The Relationlog system supports the Relationlog query language, which is a typed extension of Datalog with tuples and sets and stands in the same relationship to the nested relational and complex-object models as Datalog stands to the relational model. It also supports an SQL-like data definition language and a declarative data manipulation language.
creators/creators.scroll
Changed around line 142: born 1985
+ name Edgar F. Codd
+ born 1923
+ died 2003
+ country United Kingdom
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd
+
concepts/alpha-programming-language.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Edgar F. Codd
+ influencedBy relational-model
concepts/isbl.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 1980
+ influencedBy relational-model
concepts/square.scroll
Changed around line 9: paper https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/361219.361221
- influencedBy sql bnf
+ influencedBy sql bnf relational-model
concepts/sql.scroll
Changed around line 11: standsFor Structured Query Language
+ influencedBy relational-model
concepts/quel.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Michael Stonebraker
+ influencedBy relational-model
concepts/relational-model.scroll
Changed around line 2
- appeared 1970
+ appeared 1969
+ influencedBy relational-data-file
+
concepts/relational-model.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id relational-model
+ name Relational Model
+ appeared 1970
+ creators Edgar F. Codd
+ tags queryLanguage database
+ description The Relational Model is a mathematical framework for organizing and managing data in databases using tables (relations), where data is stored in rows (tuples) and columns (attributes). It introduced the concept of relational algebra and provided a formal basis for querying and manipulating data, forming the foundation for modern relational database management systems (RDBMS).
+ lab IBM
+ paper https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/362384.362685
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model
concepts/relational-data-file.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Roger Levien and M. E. Maron
concepts/square.scroll
Changed around line 9: paper https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/361219.361221
- influencedBy bnf
+ influencedBy sql bnf
concepts/square.scroll
Changed around line 4: id square
- tags pl
+ tags queryLanguage
concepts/square.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Raymond F. Boyce and Donald D. Chamberlin and W. Frank King III and Michael M. Hammer
+ paper https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/361219.361221
+ description A data sublanguage called SQUARE, intended for use in ad hoc, interactive problem solving by non-computer specialists, and is shown to be relationally complete; however, it avoids the quantifiers and bound variables required by languages based on the relational calculus.
+ influencedBy bnf
+ example
+ EMP ('SHOE', > 10,000)
+ NAME, MGR DEPT, SAL
+
concepts/ibm-gml.scroll
Changed around line 4: id ibm-gml
- tags xmlFormat
+ tags pl
concepts/usd.scroll
Changed around line 7: tags pl 3d
+ fileExtensions usd usda usdz
Changed around line 22: example
+ githubRepo https://github.com/PixarAnimationStudios/OpenUSD
+
concepts/openscad.scroll
Changed around line 11: lab https://opencollective.com/openscad
+ irc https://web.libera.chat/?channel=#openscad
Changed around line 26: repoStats
+ mastodon https://floss.social/@OpenSCAD
concepts/blender-app.scroll
Changed around line 5: name Blender
- website https://www.blender.org/
+ website https://www.blender.org
Changed around line 20: repoStats
+ facebook https://www.facebook.com/YourOwn3DSoftware/
+ tiktoks https://www.tiktok.com/@blender_org
+ instagram https://instagram.com/blender.official/
+ subreddit https://www.reddit.com/r/blender/
+ memberCount
+ 2025 1300000
Changed around line 46: wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(software)
+
+ youtube https://youtube.com/BlenderFoundation
creators/creators.scroll
Changed around line 18: homepage https://www.gingerbill.org
+ name Carlo H. Séquin
+ homepage https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/
+ born 1941
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_H._S%C3%A9quin
+ country Switzerland
+
Changed around line 1996: country United States
- wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(programmer)
+ gits https://github.com/Fourmilab
- gits https://github.com/Fourmilab
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(programmer)
concepts/sif.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id sif
+ name SIF
+ appeared 1997
+ creators Carlo H. Séquin
+ tags textDataFormat 3d
+ website https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/SIF/sif.html
+ standsFor Solids Interchange Format
+ description SIF is a simple language -- or actually a small collection of dialects of the same language -- to describe and exchange solid parts and small assemblies across the interface between designer and a manufacturer or a fabrication service.
+
+ related stl-format
+
+ example
+ (surface 1 (v 10 1 - 1))
concepts/geomview.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id geomview
+ name Geomview
+ appeared 1991
+ creators Stuart Levy and Tamara Munzner and Mark Phillips
+ tags application 3d mathematics
+ website http://www.geomview.org
+ description Geomview is an interactive 3D viewing program. Geomview lets you view and manipulate three-dimensional objects: you use the mouse to rotate, translate, zoom in and out, and so on. Geomview can be used as a standalone viewer for static objects, or as a display engine for other programs which produce dynamically changing geometry. Geomview can display objects described in a variety of file formats. Geomview comes with a wide selection of example objects, and you can create your own objects too.
+ paper https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/220279.220327
+
+ related off
+ reference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry_Center#Geomview
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/geomview/geomview
concepts/off.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id off
+ name Object File Format
+ appeared 1991
+ creators Stuart Levy and Tamara Munzner and Mark Phillips
+ tags textDataFormat 3d
+ aka OFF
+ fileExtensions off
+
+ isPublicDomain true
+ isOpenSource true
+ fileType text
+ reference http://www.holmes3d.net/graphics/offfiles/offdesc.txt
+ reference https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/220279.220327
+
+ example
+ OFF
+ # A simple cube
+ 8 6 12
+ 0.0 0.0 0.0
+ 1.0 0.0 0.0
+ 1.0 1.0 0.0
+ 0.0 1.0 0.0
+ 0.0 0.0 1.0
+ 1.0 0.0 1.0
+ 1.0 1.0 1.0
+ 0.0 1.0 1.0
+ 4 0 1 2 3
+ 4 5 4 7 6
+ 4 1 5 6 2
+ 4 4 0 3 7
+ 4 3 2 6 7
+ 4 0 4 5 1
+
+ hasSemanticIndentation false
+ hasComments true
+ # This is a comment in an OFF file
+ hasLineComments true
+ # Single-line comment
+ hasMultiLineComments false
+ hasStrings false
+ hasIntegers true
+ 3 3 1 # Example: number of vertices, faces, edges
+ hasFloats true
+ 0.5 0.5 0.5 # Example: vertex coordinates
+ hasLists true
+ 3 0 1 2 # Example: face definition with vertex indices
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFF_(file_format)
concepts/openscad.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl cad 3d
+ fileExtensions scad
concepts/openscad.scroll
Changed around line 13: isOpenSource true
+ repoStats
+ firstCommit 2009
+ newestCommit 2025
+ commits 12480
+ mb 84
+ committers 312
+ files 3508
+ linesOfCode 505908
concepts/wavefront-object.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags application
+ tags application 3d
concepts/3ds.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags binaryDataFormat
+ tags binaryDataFormat 3d
+ fileExtensions 3ds
concepts/usd.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d
concepts/stl-format.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id stl-format
+ name STL Format
+ appeared 1987
+ creators Chuck Hull
+ tags dataNotation 3d
+ standsFor Stereolithography Format
+ lab 3D Systems
+ description STL (Stereolithography) is a file format native to the stereolithography CAD software created by 3D Systems. It describes the surface geometry of a 3D object using triangular meshes, widely used in 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and computer-aided manufacturing. STL files can be stored in ASCII or binary formats.
+ fileExtensions stl
+
+ country United States
+
+ example
+ solid HelloWorld
+ facet normal 0.0 0.0 1.0
+ outer loop
+ vertex 0.0 0.0 0.0
+ vertex 1.0 0.0 0.0
+ vertex 0.0 1.0 0.0
+ endloop
+ endfacet
+ endsolid HelloWorld
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_(file_format)
concepts/fbx.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id fbx
+ name FBX
+ appeared 1996
+ tags dataNotation 3d
+ website https://www.autodesk.com/products/fbx/overview
+ description FBX data exchange technology is a 3D asset exchange format that facilitates higher-fidelity data exchange between 3ds Max, Maya, MotionBuilder, Mudbox and other propriety and third-party software.
+ fileExtensions fbx
+
+ isOpenSource false
+ country Canada
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBX
concepts/openscad.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Marius Kintel and Claire Wolf
+ website http://www.openscad.org
Changed around line 28: example
+ githubRepo https://github.com/openscad/openscad
+
concepts/freecad.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id freecad
+ name FreeCAD
+ appeared 2002
+ creators Jürgen Riegel
+ tags cad 3d application
+ website https://www.freecad.org
+ description FreeCAD is an open-source parametric 3D modeler made primarily to design real-life objects of any size. Parametric modeling allows you to easily modify your design by going back into your model history and changing its parameters.
+
+ isOpenSource true
+ country Germany
+
+ subreddit https://reddit.com/r/FreeCAD
+ memberCount
+ 2025 35000
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/FreeCAD/FreeCAD
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeCAD
concepts/gltf.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id gltf
+ name glTF
+ appeared 2015
+ tags dataNotation 3d
+ website https://www.khronos.org/gltf/
+ spec https://registry.khronos.org/glTF/specs/2.0/glTF-2.0.html
+ latestVersion 2.0
+ standsFor Graphics Library Transmission Format
+ lab Khronos Group
+ description The core of glTF is a JSON file that describes the structure and composition of a scene containing 3D models, which can be stored in a single binary glTF file (.glb). The top-level elements of the file include: Scenes and nodes, cameras, meshes, buffers, materials, textures, skins and animations.
+ fileExtensions gltf glb
+
+ githubRepo https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlTF
code/measures.parsers
Changed around line 2368: twitterParser
- enum assembly pl barCodeFormat video audio hardwareDescriptionLanguage knowledgeBase binaryDataFormat contractLanguage timeFormat computingMachine xmlFormat yamlFormat jsonFormat compiler grammarLanguage dataValidationLanguage application ir isa queryLanguage protocol os esolang template textMarkup characterEncoding arrayLang geoCode idl library editor cloud textDataFormat visual plzoo interpreter notation binaryExecutable dataNotation stylesheetLanguage schema bytecode vm filesystem standard linter packageManager framework webApi feature optimizingCompiler numeralSystem hashFunction database font distribution headerLang dataStructure musicalNotation textEncodingFormat equation wikiMarkup decompiler configFormat diffFormat unixApplication webBrowser browserEngine constructedLanguage dataVis dataFlow commandLineApp versionControlApplication staticSiteGenerator network microblogging lisp diagramLang chemistry physics biology mathematics weather simulation messagingProtocol shadingLanguage searchEngine cryptoProtocol cad spreadsheet functional linker
+ enum assembly pl barCodeFormat video audio hardwareDescriptionLanguage knowledgeBase binaryDataFormat contractLanguage timeFormat computingMachine xmlFormat yamlFormat jsonFormat compiler grammarLanguage dataValidationLanguage application ir isa queryLanguage protocol os esolang template textMarkup characterEncoding arrayLang geoCode idl library editor cloud textDataFormat visual plzoo interpreter notation binaryExecutable dataNotation stylesheetLanguage schema bytecode vm filesystem standard linter packageManager framework webApi feature optimizingCompiler numeralSystem hashFunction database font distribution headerLang dataStructure musicalNotation textEncodingFormat equation wikiMarkup decompiler configFormat diffFormat unixApplication webBrowser browserEngine constructedLanguage dataVis dataFlow commandLineApp versionControlApplication staticSiteGenerator network microblogging lisp diagramLang chemistry physics biology mathematics weather simulation messagingProtocol shadingLanguage searchEngine cryptoProtocol cad spreadsheet functional linker 3d
concepts/3d-logo.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d
concepts/3mf.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags xmlFormat cad
+ tags xmlFormat cad 3d
concepts/autocad-app.scroll
Changed around line 1
- name AUTOCAD
+ name AutoCAD
+ creators John Walker and Michael Riddle
- tags application cad
+ tags application cad 3d
+ website https://www.autodesk.com/products/autocad/overview
concepts/autolisp.scroll
Changed around line 4: id autolisp
- tags pl lisp cad
+ tags pl lisp cad 3d
+ description AutoLISP is based on the LISP programming language, which is simple to learn and powerful for automating design tasks. No specialized programming tool or editor is required to create or modify AutoLISP programs.
+ influencedBy lisp
concepts/blender-app.scroll
Changed around line 4: id blender-app
- tags application
+ tags application 3d
concepts/blitz3d.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d
concepts/game-maker-language.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d
concepts/gdscript.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d
concepts/glsl.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags shadingLanguage
+ tags shadingLanguage 3d
concepts/lean.scroll
Changed around line 4: id lean
- tags pl
+ tags pl mathematics
concepts/mathcad.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl cad
+ tags pl cad mathematics
concepts/metamath.scroll
Changed around line 4: id metamath
- tags pl
+ tags pl mathematics
concepts/open-shading-language.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags shadingLanguage
+ tags shadingLanguage 3d
concepts/opengl.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags library
- website https://www.opengl.org/
+ tags library 3d
+ website https://www.opengl.org
concepts/openscad.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl cad
+ tags pl cad 3d
concepts/renderman-shading-language.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags shadingLanguage
+ tags shadingLanguage 3d
concepts/shaderlab.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d shadingLanguage
concepts/sketchpad.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Ivan Sutherland
- lab Carnegie Institute of Technology
+ lab MIT
concepts/unity-engine.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags library
+ tags library 3d
concepts/unity3d-asset.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags application
+ tags application 3d
concepts/unrealscript.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d
concepts/vrml.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ tags pl 3d
creators/creators.scroll
Changed around line 1984: homepage https://jander.land
+ name Ivan Sutherland
+ born 1938
+ country United States
+
+ name John Walker
+ homepage https://fourmilab.ch/
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(programmer)
+ born 1949
+ died 2024
+ gits https://github.com/Fourmilab
+ country United States
+
concepts/aluasm.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 2021
+ writtenIn rust yaml toml markdown bourne-shell
concepts/blender-app.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags application
+ writtenIn cpp python svg glsl cmake diff c objective-cpp restructuredtext markdown xml bourne-shell yaml html cuda json css toml make metal javascript
+ repoStats
+ firstCommit 2002
+ newestCommit 2025
+ commits 157636
+ mb 854
+ committers 1370
+ files 13549
+ linesOfCode 5738218
concepts/broccoli-2.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags esolang
- writtenIn typescript html json markdown yaml css
+ writtenIn csharp markdown json yaml
concepts/caffeine.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn coffeescript javascript markdown html json yaml
concepts/cmake.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 2000
+ writtenIn cmake restructuredtext cpp c json bourne-shell cuda powershell bash fortran-90 qt python fortran-77 xml dockerfile java csharp swift assembly-language objective-c yaml markdown matlab objective-cpp d lex diff pascal html xaml protobuf yacc perl hlsl vim-script javascript tcl lisp css toml mumps m4 idl php ruby r make expect lua tex
concepts/codeql.scroll
Changed around line 9: website https://codeql.github.com/
+ writtenIn java yaml javascript python markdown csharp cpp go starlark c typescript ruby kotlin restructuredtext swift rust json xml html bourne-shell gradle toml mustache jsx erb asp.net csv razor ejs css svg ini scss diff make bash java-server-pages protobuf lua thrift powershell scheme perl raml cmake lisp vim-script xhtml handlebars graphql sql objective-c
concepts/cperl.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn perl yaml c bourne-shell xml pascal json logos cpp tex make javascript markdown d diff css lisp prolog sql yacc bash csv
concepts/dlvm.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags ir
+ writtenIn swift cpp cmake python restructuredtext json markdown objective-c objective-cpp bash bourne-shell llvmir c vim-script lisp xml make html d yaml css ini javascript ruby perl matlab
concepts/dynamo-visual-language.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags visual
+ writtenIn markdown csharp xml xaml json html svg yaml csv powershell python hlsl xslt standard-ml
concepts/ecl.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 2000
+ writtenIn xml cpp cmake javascript typescript xslt yaml markdown css xsd html bourne-shell json java python perl dockerfile bash restructuredtext make c svg yacc lex hcl expect ini pascal assembly-language awk scheme ring
concepts/forml.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn haskell javascript css html bourne-shell yaml markdown
concepts/fun.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn standard-ml javascript css markdown json html make yaml
concepts/gerbil.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 2016
+ writtenIn scheme markdown bash bourne-shell svg yaml lisp make json c protobuf tex javascript ruby dockerfile stylus html
concepts/heap.coffee.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn coffeescript javascript html css erb markdown ruby json
concepts/hedy.scroll
Changed around line 7: tags pl
+ writtenIn yaml javascript python html typescript css json scss bash markdown csharp svg bourne-shell dockerfile csv toml
concepts/imp-lang.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn zig c nix markdown bash
concepts/jill.scroll
Changed around line 5: name Jill
+ writtenIn vtl-lang rust markdown toml
concepts/kaffeine.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn javascript pug css html markdown svg json
concepts/koto.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn rust markdown toml yaml javascript json css html svg
concepts/lfortran.scroll
Changed around line 9: website https://lfortran.org/
+ writtenIn fortran-90 json markdown cpp fortran-77 python cmake bourne-shell yaml c jupyter-notebook toml reason css nix bash diff svg dockerfile javascript llvmir
concepts/lighttable.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Chris Granger
+ writtenIn clojurescript css markdown javascript json bourne-shell yaml bash clojure xml html
concepts/masm.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Thomas Jaeger
+ writtenIn pascal json assembly-language xml html css markdown
concepts/mdq.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Yuval Shavit
+ writtenIn rust toml yaml bash markdown dockerfile bourne-shell
concepts/menhir.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Francois Pottier and Yann Regis-Gianas
+ writtenIn expect ocaml markdown html make coq tex bourne-shell diff css r lisp
concepts/michelson.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Grégoire Henry
+ writtenIn ocaml rust json wasm markdown restructuredtext bourne-shell javascript toml solidity assembly-language python c yaml make svg sql perl dockerfile hcl cpp diff graphql nix csv xml css html bash swift lisp tex typescript awk protobuf
concepts/mlir.scroll
Changed around line 10: standsFor Multi-Level Intermediate Representation
+ writtenIn markdown
concepts/mobl-lang.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Zef Hemel
+ writtenIn xml java markdown html json php pascal objective-c bourne-shell nix javascript svg make
concepts/moescript.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Renzhi Li aka. Belleve Invis
+ writtenIn javascript json css html markdown make
concepts/mps.scroll
Changed around line 8: website https://www.jetbrains.com/mps/
+ writtenIn java xml mumps svg kotlin markdown diff json bourne-shell html groovy xsd xslt python css
concepts/mugo.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Ben Hoyt
+ writtenIn go html make markdown python
concepts/netbeans-editor.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators pgebauer
+ writtenIn java xml php javascript html xsd standard-ml dtd twig svg groovy java-server-pages bourne-shell pug xhtml xslt css json c yaml gradle diff smarty typescript fxml sql markdown ini make cpp scss toml less rust bash python hcl swift xmi perl r aspectj handlebars haskell prolog jsx restructuredtext dockerfile go ruby
concepts/nimskull.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Andreas Rumpf
+ writtenIn nim markdown restructuredtext yaml html c json python bourne-shell assembly-language csv css sql ini javascript bash xml cmake
concepts/org.scroll
Changed around line 11: releaseNotes https://orgmode.org/Changes.html
+ writtenIn lisp make xml tex perl html
concepts/paraview.scroll
Changed around line 2
- appeared 2000
+ appeared 1999
+ writtenIn cpp xml cmake python svg markdown qt bourne-shell json html cuda bash yaml protobuf c fortran-90 javascript css glsl diff powershell restructuredtext dockerfile xslt perl objective-cpp fortran-77 pascal
+
+ repoStats
+ firstCommit 1999
+ newestCommit 2025
+ commits 84101
+ mb 239
+ committers 423
+ files 10646
+ linesOfCode 1479397
concepts/pest.scroll
Changed around line 9: website https://pest.rs/
+ writtenIn rust toml yaml json markdown bourne-shell svg
concepts/praat-script.scroll
Changed around line 7: tags pl
+ writtenIn c cpp make meson html xml markdown python yaml svg csv r
concepts/pyret-lang.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Ben Lerner and Joe Gibbs Politz
+ writtenIn javascript json markdown svg make lisp vim-script asp.net html bourne-shell csv xml yaml
concepts/pyret.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn javascript json markdown svg make lisp vim-script asp.net html bourne-shell csv xml yaml
concepts/rascal.scroll
Changed around line 7: tags grammarLanguage
+ writtenIn java markdown json ini c xml csv yaml html tex ruby python javascript diff bourne-shell
concepts/reach.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Jay McCarthy
+ writtenIn javascript json typescript markdown haskell bourne-shell make svg dockerfile yaml solidity python css html diff csharp go toml scss racket bash
concepts/reactjs.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 2013
+ writtenIn javascript markdown typescript json css html yaml bourne-shell jsx svg cpp coffeescript python toml make
concepts/reko-decompiler.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators John Källén
+ writtenIn csharp assembly-language expect c xml markdown cpp pascal cmake json python html llvmir xslt wasm yaml ring make dockerfile xsd css yacc php sql ocaml javascript go bourne-shell
concepts/rescript.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn rescript javascript ocaml json typescript cpp markdown bourne-shell rust python make yaml asciidoc c css toml xslt lisp vim-script html dockerfile svg reason
concepts/rhai.scroll
Changed around line 9: website https://rhai.rs/
+ writtenIn rust markdown toml yaml json
concepts/sagemath.scroll
Changed around line 8: website http://www.sagemath.org/
+ writtenIn html rust javascript markdown svg yaml css toml typescript json
concepts/saltstack.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Thomas S Hatch
+ writtenIn python restructuredtext markdown yaml saltstack bourne-shell xml powershell html javascript json diff svg css bash csharp make sql xslt ini dockerfile z-shell tex toml cython c d
concepts/scallop.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags pl
+ writtenIn rust python markdown toml csv make json javascript yaml html xml
concepts/slashlang.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Mikkel Damsgaard
+ writtenIn rust markdown yaml html toml xml
concepts/srt.scroll
Changed around line 8: tags protocol
+ writtenIn cpp markdown c cmake yaml tcl powershell bourne-shell python bash lua xml vim-script
concepts/strictyaml.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Colm O'Connor
+ writtenIn markdown python yaml toml bourne-shell
concepts/threejs.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Ricardo Cabello
+ writtenIn html javascript svg json markdown css yaml xml scss
concepts/tiscript.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Andrew Fedoniouk
+ writtenIn html css xml json c cpp svg cmake objective-c bourne-shell php objective-cpp markdown yaml pascal lua make idl javascript python
concepts/unison.scroll
Changed around line 5: name unison
+ writtenIn haskell markdown yaml racket sql bourne-shell scheme nix vim-script bash cson json html xml dockerfile dhall
concepts/vine.scroll
Changed around line 7: tags pl
+ writtenIn rust markdown toml json handlebars css yaml html svg typescript
concepts/xla.scroll
Changed around line 7: tags compiler
+ writtenIn cpp bazel starlark python protobuf markdown diff cmake bourne-shell yaml svg pascal jupyter-notebook json c llvmir
concepts/z-expressions.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Chris Done
- writtenIn haskell lisp html markdown
+ writtenIn javascript markdown json yaml make
concepts/zest.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 2024
+ writtenIn zig markdown bourne-shell javascript nix html
concepts/paraview.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id paraview
+ name ParaView
+ appeared 2000
+ tags application
+ website https://www.paraview.org/
+ description ParaView is the world’s leading open source post-processing visualization engine.
+ lab Los Alamos National Laboratory
+
+ gitRepo https://gitlab.kitware.com/paraview/paraview
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParaView
concepts/blender-app.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Ton Roosendaal
+ website https://www.blender.org/
Changed around line 23: leachim6 Blender
+ gitRepo https://projects.blender.org/blender/blender.git
+
concepts/bash.scroll
Changed around line 98: hasNamedArguments false
+ hasStaticTyping false
concepts/c.scroll
Changed around line 199: hasImports true
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/cpp.scroll
Changed around line 227: hasVirtualFunctions true
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/haskell.scroll
Changed around line 82: hasRunTimeGuards true
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/java.scroll
Changed around line 129: hasGenerics true
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/javascript.scroll
Changed around line 263: hasSwitch true
+ hasStaticTyping false
concepts/kotlin.scroll
Changed around line 121: hasMacros false
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/ocaml.scroll
Changed around line 68: hasComments true
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/python.scroll
Changed around line 107: canWriteToDisk true
+ hasTypeAnnotations true
+ name: str
+ hasStaticTyping true
+ # Optional, checkable using external type checkers like Mypy or Pyright
+ def print_repeated(text: str, repetitions: int) -> None:
+ print("\n".join([text]*repetitions))
+
+ print_repeated("Hello!", 10)
+ print_repeated("This won't typecheck...", "not an integer")
concepts/rust.scroll
Changed around line 172: hasPrintDebugging true
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/scala.scroll
Changed around line 129: hasImplicitArguments true
+ hasStaticTyping true
concepts/cycl.scroll
Changed around line 3
+ creators Doug Lenat
code/measures.parsers
Changed around line 1622: hasStructsParser
+ hasStructuralTypingParser
+ extends abstractFeatureParser
+ description Does the language feature (significant) structural typing?
+ string title Structural Typing
+ string reference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_type_system
+
concepts/bash.scroll
Changed around line 98: hasNamedArguments false
+ hasStructuralTyping false
concepts/c.scroll
Changed around line 199: hasImports true
+ hasStructuralTyping false
concepts/cpp.scroll
Changed around line 227: hasVirtualFunctions true
- hasTypeClasses true
+ hasStructuralTyping true
+ // concepts use structural typing:
- // NOTE that in contrast to other typeclass-supporting languages,
- // concept (= typeclass) implementations
- // a) MUST be defined BEFORE the concept is introduced and
- // b) do not reference the concept directly, because the association
- // is structural, not nominal.
+ // NOTE that concept implementations MUST be defined BEFORE the concept itself
Changed around line 252: hasTypeClasses true
+ hasTypeClasses false
concepts/java.scroll
Changed around line 129: hasGenerics true
+ hasStructuralTyping false
+ https://stackoverflow.com/q/44484287
concepts/javascript.scroll
Changed around line 263: hasSwitch true
+ hasStructuralTyping false
concepts/kotlin.scroll
Changed around line 121: hasMacros false
+ hasStructuralTyping false
+ https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/KT-218
concepts/ocaml.scroll
Changed around line 68: hasComments true
+ hasStructuralTyping true
concepts/python.scroll
Changed around line 107: canWriteToDisk true
+ hasStructuralTyping true
+ # Python's optional static type system features 2 kinds of structural types:
+ from typing import Protocol
+
+ class Clearable(Protocol):
+ def clear(self): ...
+
+ def print_and_clear(x: Clearable):
+ print(x)
+ x.clear()
+
+ print_and_clear([1, 2, 3]) # OK because lists have a clear() method
+ print_and_clear({1, 2, 3}) # OK because sets have a clear() method
+ print_and_clear(1) # not OK because ints don't have a clear() method
+
+ from typing import TypedDict
+
+ class NameDict(TypedDict):
+ first_name: str
+ last_name: str
+
+ class EmployeeDict(TypedDict):
+ employee_id: int
+ first_name: str
+ last_name: str
+
+ def greet(name: NameDict):
+ print(f"Hello {name['first_name']} {name['last_name']}!")
+
+ john: EmployeeDict = {
+ "first_name": "John", "last_name": "Smith", "employee_id": 123
+ }
+
+ # EmployeeDict is a (structural) subtype of NameDict even though there is no
+ # explicit relation between them, so this passes type checking:
+ greet(john)
concepts/rust.scroll
Changed around line 172: hasPrintDebugging true
+ hasStructuralTyping false
+ tuples can be seen as structural, [1] but other fundamental types like structs
+ and traits are not structural and don't have structural analogues
+
+ [1]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/types/tuple.html
concepts/scala.scroll
Changed around line 129: hasImplicitArguments true
+ hasStructuralTyping true
+ // https://docs.scala-lang.org/scala3/reference/changed-features/structural-types.html#using-java-reflection-1
+ import scala.reflect.Selectable.reflectiveSelectable
+
+ type Reversable[T] = { def reverse: T }
+
+ def printReversed[T](x: Reversable[T]): Unit = {
+ println(x.reverse)
+ }
+
+ printReversed("abc")
+ printReversed(Array(1, 2, 3))
+ printReversed(1) // Doesn't compile because integers don't have a reverse method
concepts/typescript.scroll
Changed around line 154: hasPrintDebugging true
+ hasStructuralTyping true
+ // https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/type-compatibility.html
+ // Subtype relations are structural for both interfaces and classes.
+ // Interface example:
+ interface CanCheckIncludes {
+ includes(x: T): boolean;
+ }
+
+ function logIfIncludes(includer: CanCheckIncludes, includee: T) {
+ if (includer.includes(includee)) {
+ console.log(includer);
+ }
+ }
+
+ logIfIncludes("abc", "b");
+ logIfIncludes([1, 2, 3], 4);
+ logIfIncludes(1, 1); // Fails typechecking, as numbers don't have includes()
concepts/haskell.scroll
Changed around line 146: hasTypeInference true
- - A comment
- hasFunctionOverloading TODO
+ hasFunctionOverloading false
concepts/curry.scroll
Changed around line 5: name Curry
+ website https://www.curry-lang.org/
+ webRepl https://smap.curry-lang.org/smap.cgi?upload?lang=Curry&program=%2D%2D+Returns+the+last+number+of+a+list%2E%0Alast+%3A%3A+%5BInt%5D+%2D%3E+Int%0Alast+%28%5F+%2B%2B+%5Bx%5D%29+%3D+x%0A%0A%2D%2D+Returns+some+permutation+of+a+list%2E%0Aperm+%3A%3A+%5Ba%5D+%2D%3E+%5Ba%5D%0Aperm+%5B%5D+++++%3D+%5B%5D%0Aperm+%28x%3Axs%29+%3D+insert+%28perm+xs%29%0A+where+insert+ys+++++%3D+x+%3A+ys%0A+++++++insert+%28y%3Ays%29+%3D+y+%3A+insert+ys%0A+++++++%0Amain+%3D+perm+%22XYZ%22
+ description Curry is a declarative multi-paradigm programming language which combines in a seamless way features from functional programming (nested expressions, higher-order functions, strong typing, lazy evaluation) and logic programming (non-determinism, built-in search, free variables, partial data structures). Compared to the single programming paradigms, Curry provides additional features, like optimal evaluation for logic-oriented computations and flexible, non-deterministic pattern matching with user-defined functions.
+ emailList https://www.curry-lang.org/various/mailinglist/
concepts/lean.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Leonardo de Moura
+ webRepl https://live.lean-lang.org/
code/measures.parsers
Changed around line 1361: hasMultipleInheritanceParser
+ hasNamedArgumentsParser
+ extends abstractFeatureParser
+ description Does the language have named arguments / named parameters?
+ string title Named Arguments
+ string reference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_parameter
+
concepts/bash.scroll
Changed around line 93: hasImports true
+ hasFunctionOverloading false
+ hasNamedArguments false
concepts/c.scroll
Changed around line 253: hasConstants true
+ hasFunctions true
+ hasFunctionOverloading false
+ hasNamedArguments false
concepts/cpp.scroll
Changed around line 176: hasFunctionOverloading true
+ hasNamedArguments false
concepts/haskell.scroll
Changed around line 145: hasCaseInsensitiveIdentifiers false
- - A comment
+ hasFunctions true
+ hasFunctionOverloading TODO
+ hasNamedArguments false
concepts/java.scroll
Changed around line 134: hasPointers false
+ hasFunctions true
+ TODO
+ hasFunctionOverloading true
+ hasNamedArguments false
concepts/javascript.scroll
Changed around line 238: hasAnonymousFunctions true
+ hasNamedArguments false
+ // idiomatically emulated using parameters that expect objects
concepts/kotlin.scroll
Changed around line 137: hasClasses true
+ hasFunctionOverloading true
+ hasNamedArguments true
+ "abcdef".subSequence(startIndex=2, endIndex=4)
concepts/python.scroll
Changed around line 265: hasPrintDebugging true
+ hasFunctionOverloading false
+ may be simulated using `**kwargs` or `functools.singledispatch`
+ hasNamedArguments true
+ print("Hello", end="!\n")
+
+ # details: any parameter that hasn't been explicitly marked as positional-only
+ # can be provided as a named argument
concepts/ruby.scroll
Changed around line 135: hasExceptions true
+ hasNamedArguments true
+ String.new("abc", encoding: "utf-8", capacity: 16)
+
+ # details: when defining a method, parameters are positional-only by default,
+ # but can be made keyword parameters (i.e. named) by appending a colon (:),
+ # optionally followed by a default value:
+ def greet(name, time_of_day:, location: "our great city")
+ puts "Hello this fine #{time_of_day} in #{location}, #{name}!"
+ end
concepts/rust.scroll
Changed around line 199: hasWhileLoops true
+ hasFunctions true
+ hasFunctionOverloading false
+ hasNamedArguments false
concepts/scala.scroll
Changed around line 157: hasWhileLoops true
+ hasFunctionOverloading false
+ hasNamedArguments true
+ "abcdef".slice(from=2, until=4)
concepts/typescript.scroll
Changed around line 128: hasMixins true
+ hasNamedArguments false
+ // idiomatically emulated using parameters that expect objects
code/measures.parsers
Changed around line 2363: tagsParser
+ atoms measureNameAtom tagAtom
concepts/black.scroll
Changed around line 26: example
-
- (lambda (exp env cont)
- (cond ((eq? (car exp) 'instr)
- (eval-instr (car (cdr exp)) env cont))
- (else
- (original-eval-application exp env cont))))))
+ (lambda (exp env cont)
+ (cond ((eq? (car exp) 'instr)
+ (eval-instr (car (cdr exp)) env cont))
+ (else
+ (original-eval-application exp env cont))))))
concepts/peng.scroll
Changed around line 13: related drs
+
+ example
+ [drs([A, B, C],
+ [theta(A, theme, C)#[1],
+ event(A, working)#[1],
+ theta(A, location, B)#[1],
+ named(B, macquarie university)#[1, [third, sg, neut],
+ [’Macquarie’,’University’]],
+ named(C, david miller)#[1, [third, sg, masc],[’David’,’Miller’]]])]
concepts/peng.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id peng
+ name PENG
+ appeared 2002
+ creators Rolf Schwitter and Marc Tilbrook
+ tags knowledgeBase
+ standsFor Processed English
+ description A controlled language processor translates PENG text to first-order logic via a discourse representation structure. The resultant logical theory can then be checked for consistency and informativity, and may also be used for question-answering by third-party reasoning services.
+ lab Macquarie University
+
+ related drs
+ country Australia
+ reference https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA515408.pdf
+ reference https://aclanthology.org/U09-1011.pdf
concepts/sneps.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id sneps
+ name SNePS
+ appeared 1975
+ creators Stuart C. Shapiro
+ tags knowledgeBase
+ website https://cse.buffalo.edu/sneps/
+ standsFor Semantic Network Processing System
+ description The principal research area of the Group is knowledge representation and reasoning (krr) in support of natural-language competent autonomous agents. This includes research in: logics for krr; natural language understanding and generation; cognitive architectures; acting formalisms; belief change; models of time, self, and other agents.
+ paper https://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Papers/iutr31
+
+ country United States
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNePS
concepts/common-logic.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id common-logic
+ name Common Logic
+ appeared 2003
+ tags knowledgeBase standard
+ website https://www.iso.org/standard/66249.html
+ description Common Logic (CL) is a standardized framework for knowledge interchange, published as ISO/IEC 24707:2007. It provides a first-order logic-based language with dialects like Common Logic Interchange Format (CLIF), Controlled English (CE), and IKL, enabling semantic interoperability across systems for knowledge representation and reasoning.
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Logic
concepts/cgif.scroll
Changed around line 6: appeared 1976
+ spec https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Sowa/cgstand.htm
concepts/cgif.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id cgif
+ name CGIF
+ appeared 1976
+ creators John F. Sowa
+ tags dataNotation knowledgeBase visual
+ website https://www.jfsowa.com/cg/annexb.htm
+ standsFor Conceptual Graph Interchange Format
+ description A conceptual graph (CG) is a representation for logic as a bipartite graph with two kinds of nodes, called concepts and conceptual relations. The Conceptual Graph Interchange Format (CGIF) is a fully conformant dialect of Common Logic (CL) that serves as a serialized representation for conceptual graphs.
+
+ example
+ [Go: *x] [Person: John] [City: Boston] [Bus: *y]
+ (Agnt ?x John) (Dest ?x Boston) (Inst ?x ?y)
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_graph
creators/creators.scroll
Changed around line 18: homepage https://www.gingerbill.org
+ name Andrzej Trybulec
+ born 1941
+ died 2013
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Trybulec
+ country Poland
+
concepts/mizar.scroll
Changed around line 3
- tags pl
+ creators Andrzej Trybulec
+ tags pl mathematics
+ website https://mizar.uwb.edu.pl/project/
+ description The Mizar Language is a formal language derived from the mathematical vernacular. The principle idea of its author was to design a language readable for mathematicians and, simultaneously, sufficiently rigorous to enable processing and verifying by computer software. A script written according to the Mizar Syntax is called a Mizar Article.
+ example
+ environ
+
+ vocabularies ARYTM, XCMPLX_0;
+ constructors ARYTM_0, XCMPLX_0;
+ notations ORDINAL1, NUMBERS, ARYTM_0, XCMPLX_0;
+ requirements ARITHM, BOOLE;
+ registrations ORDINAL1, XCMPLX_0;
+
+ begin
+
+ for k being complex number holds k + 0 = k;
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizar_system
+
concepts/begriffsschrift.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id begriffsschrift
+ name Begriffsschrift
+ appeared 1879
+ creators Gottlob Frege
+ tags notation
+ description A formula language, modeled on that of arithmetic, for pure thought.
+
+ influencedBy binary-notation
+ country Germany
+
+ example
+ ⊢ (a → b) → (¬b → ¬a)
+ # Represents the logical implication: if a implies b, then not b implies not a.
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begriffsschrift
concepts/tptp.scroll
Changed around line 13: lab University of Miami
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousands_of_Problems_for_Theorem_Provers
concepts/tptp.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id tptp
+ name TPTP
+ appeared 1993
+ creators Geoff Sutcliffe
+ tags mathematics
+ website http://www.tptp.org
+ standsFor Thousands of Problems for Theorem Provers
+ description TPTP (Thousands of Problems for Theorem Provers) is a library of test problems for automated theorem proving systems, expressed in a standardized text-based format supporting first-order logic (FOF), typed first-order form (TFF), typed higher-order form (THF), and clause normal form (CNF). It serves as a benchmark for evaluating automated reasoning algorithms and supports the CADE ATP System Competition (CASC).
+ lab University of Miami
+
+ related prolog
+ docs https://tptp.org/UserDocs/TPTPLanguage/TPTPLanguage.shtml
+ country United States
concepts/attempto.scroll
Changed around line 12: lab University of Zurich
+ related drs
concepts/drs.scroll
Changed around line 10: description Discourse Representation Structures (DRS) is a formal notation withi
- [x,y] { man(x), dog(y), owns(x,y) }
+ man(x)
+ dog(y)
+ owns(x,y)
concepts/drs.scroll
Changed around line 7: creators Hans Kamp
+ paper https://brill.com/edcollchap-oa/book/9789004252882/BP000014.xml
concepts/drs.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id drs
+ name DRS
+ appeared 1981
+ creators Hans Kamp
+ tags knowledgeBase notation
+ standsFor Discourse Representation Structures
+ description Discourse Representation Structures (DRS) is a formal notation within Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), designed to represent the semantics of natural language discourse. It uses box-like structures to capture referents, conditions, and their relationships, enabling dynamic semantic analysis for anaphora and context-sensitive expressions.
+
+ example
+ [x,y] { man(x), dog(y), owns(x,y) }
+ # Represents "A man owns a dog," capturing referents x (man) and y (dog).
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_representation_theory
concepts/attempto.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id attempto
+ name Attempto Controlled English
+ appeared 1995
+ creators Norbert E. Fuchs and Rolf Schwitter
+ tags pl knowledgeBase queryLanguage
+ website http://attempto.ifi.uzh.ch/site/
+ aka ACE
+ description Attempto Controlled English (ACE) allows domain specialists to interactively formulate requirements specifications in domain concepts. ACE can be accurately and efficiently processed by a computer, but is expressive enough to allow natural usage. The Attempto system translates specification texts in ACE into discourse representation structures and optionally into Prolog. Translated specification texts are incrementally added to a knowledge base. This knowledge base can be queried in ACE for verification, and it can be executed for simulation, prototyping and validation of the specification.
+ lab University of Zurich
+ paper https://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9603003
+ compilesTo prolog
+
+ country Switzerland
+
+ example
+ The customer enters a card and a numeric personal code.
+ If it is not valid then SM rejects the card.
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempto_Controlled_English
concepts/ruleml.scroll
Changed around line 5: name RuleML
+ website https://www.ruleml.org/
concepts/mltt.scroll
Changed around line 1
+ ../code/conceptPage.scroll
+
+ id mltt
+ name Martin-Lof Type Theory
+ appeared 1972
+ creators Per Martin-Löf
+ tags pl mathematics
+ description Martin-Löf Type Theory (MLTT) is a formal system developed by Per Martin-Löf for constructive mathematics, combining typed lambda calculus with dependent types and the Curry-Howard correspondence. It serves as a foundation for proof assistants and functional programming languages, emphasizing constructive proofs as programs.
+ lab University of Stockholm
+
+ influencedBy automath lambda-calculus
+ country Sweden
+
+ wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitionistic_type_theory